كيفية ترحيل وبذر البيانات بأمان في Laravel

# New table
php artisan make:migration create_orders_table

# Add column to existing table
php artisan make:migration add_status_to_orders_table

# The file is created in database/migrations/ with a timestamp prefix

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::table('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->string('status', 20)->default('pending')->after('total');
            $table->timestamp('shipped_at')->nullable()->after('status');
            $table->index('status'); // Add index for frequent WHERE clauses
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::table('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->dropIndex(['status']);
            $table->dropColumn(['status', 'shipped_at']);
        });
    }
};

php artisan migrate --pretend

# Sample output:
# CreateOrdersTable: create table `orders` (`id` bigint unsigned not null auto_increment primary key ...)
# AddStatusToOrdersTable: alter table `orders` add `status` varchar(20) not null default 'pending'

# Run all pending migrations
php artisan migrate

# Check migration status
php artisan migrate:status

# Rollback the last batch
php artisan migrate:rollback

# Rollback and re-run all (development only — destroys data)
php artisan migrate:fresh

<?php

namespace Database\Seeders;

use App\Models\Product;
use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;

class ProductsSeeder extends Seeder
{
    public function run(): void
    {
        $products = [
            ['sku' => 'PROD-001', 'name' => 'Widget A', 'price' => 9.99],
            ['sku' => 'PROD-002', 'name' => 'Widget B', 'price' => 14.99],
        ];

        foreach ($products as $data) {
            Product::updateOrCreate(
                ['sku' => $data['sku']],  // Find by this key
                $data                      // Update or insert with these values
            );
        }
    }
}

<?php

namespace Database\Seeders;

use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;

class DatabaseSeeder extends Seeder
{
    public function run(): void
    {
        // Order matters — seed parents before children
        $this->call([
            CategorySeeder::class,
            ProductsSeeder::class,
            UserSeeder::class,
        ]);
    }
}

// Run from command line:
// php artisan db:seed                         — runs DatabaseSeeder
// php artisan db:seed --class=ProductsSeeder  — runs one seeder

# Standard production deploy
php artisan migrate --force

# Run a specific seeder on production
php artisan db:seed --class=ProductsSeeder --force

# What to NEVER do on production:
# php artisan migrate:fresh --seed   # Drops all tables
# php artisan migrate:reset          # Rolls back everything